Solar Cycle Variations of GPS Amplitude Scintillation for the Polar Region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Global Positioning System (GPS) L1 amplitude data, obtained using the Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN) during the period 2008–2018, is used to study the seasonal and solar cycle dependence of high‐latitude amplitude scintillation. The occurrence of amplitude scintillation is predominantly confined to the 10–18 magnetic local time (MLT) and 72–87° Altitude‐Adjusted Corrected Geomagnetic (AACGM) sector and is a winter and equinoctial phenomenon. The occurrence of amplitude scintillation shows a clear seasonal and solar cycle dependence with a maximum value of ∼11% during the high solar activity early winter periods, and a secondary maximum in equinoctial months, and almost no occurrence during summer months. This pattern in occurrence suggests that amplitude scintillation is a phenomenon that is closely associated with the presence of patches and particle precipitation events.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".