Populism, nationalism and Marxism in Sri Lanka: from anti-colonial struggle to authoritarian neoliberalism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This is a revised version of a presentation to the Vega Symposium on Resurgent Nationalisms and Populist Politics in the Neoliberal Age, held at the Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, in April 2018. It is part of a Special Issue of Geografiska Annaler, Series B, which also includes an Introduction by Gillian Hart, articles by Gillian Hart and Tova Höjdestrand based on their contributions to the Symposium, and an edited transcript of a presentation by Manu Goswami. This paper offers a contribution to the critique of ‘left populism’ – advocated by some influential left intellectuals and politicians as a response to the rise of right-wing populisms around the world – by way of an analysis of the historical evolution of the relationship between Marxist left political forces and majoritarian ethno-nationalist ideology in Sri Lanka. With a historical perspective spanning from anti-colonial struggle in the late-colonial era to the contemporary conjuncture of neoliberalism and populism, it demonstrates how the radical left in Sri Lanka, a credible contender for state power in the decades immediately before and after the independence from the British Empire in 1948, was eclipsed as a viable political force by nationalist forces after the consolidation of an authoritarian-populist form of neoliberalism in 1977. With hindsight, it is argued that this steady downward trajectory of the Sri Lankan Marxist left in the last four decades, in spite of impressive socialist accomplishments from the mid-1930s until the mid-1970s, owes much to its strategic and tactical flirtations with – especially in the face of neoliberalism and nationalism – ‘left populism’.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".