How Holistic is Complementary and Alternative Med-icine (CAM)? Examining Self-Responsibilization in CAM and Biomedicine in a Neoliberal Age
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This review paper adds to recent social science interrogation of common boundaries between CAM (complementary and alternative medicine) and biomedicine, by examining an unquestioned dichotomy often ascribed to them: holism vs. individualism. Drawing from social scientific literature review, this paper draws attention to the individualistic focus of CAM by situating contemporary CAM developments within a neoliberal climate that emphasizes individual responsibility for health care. Focusing on the individualistic features of CAM helps rethink commonly held assumptions regarding the holistic features of CAM, which tend to gain the most attention in popular and scholarly representations of CAM as distinct from biomedicine. As well, the individualistic features of CAM shed light on the significant role of CAM in health care as a form of individual consumptive choice rather than as a collective responsibility on the part of the state to complement national health care systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.027 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".