Building a <scp>Low‐Cost</scp> , <scp>Internet‐of‐Things</scp> , <scp>Real‐Time</scp> Groundwater Level Monitoring Network
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A community‐based, real‐time, groundwater level monitoring network consisting of 11 sites was built in Nova Scotia, Canada, using privately owned domestic wells and low‐cost, custom‐made water level meters. The real‐time meters use an ultrasonic sensor to measure water levels and an Internet‐of‐Things device to transmit the data to the Internet by WiFi or cellular connection. The water level data are plotted in real‐time on a time‐series graph and are available immediately for online viewing and downloading. Based on observations at three sites, the real‐time water level meter data compare well to pressure transducer measurements, with mean absolute errors of less than 0.02 m. The meters are simple to build, and components are readily available from online suppliers at low cost.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".