Comparison of Fully Convolutional Networks (FCN) and U-Net for Road Segmentation from High Resolution Imageries
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Segmentation is one of the most popular classification techniques which still have semantic labels. In this context, the segmentation of different objects such as cars, airplanes, ships, and buildings that are independent of background and objects such as land use and vegetation classes, which are difficult to discriminate from the background is considered. However, in image segmentation studies, various difficulties such as shadow, image blockage, a disorder of background, lighting, shading that cause fundamental modifications in the appearance of features are often encountered. With the development of technology, obtaining high spatial resolution satellite imageries and aerial photographs contain detailed texture information have been facilitated easily. Parallel to these improvements, deep learning architectures have widely been used to solved several computer vision tasks with an increasing level of difficulty. Thus, the regional characteristics, artificial and natural objects, can be perceived and interpreted precisely. In this study, two different subset data that were produced from a great open-source labeled image sets were used to segmentation of roads. The used labeled data set consists of 150 satellite images of size 1500 x 1500 pixels at a 1.2 m resolution, which was not efficient for training. In order to avoid any problem, the imageries were divided into smaller dimensions. Selected images from the data set divided into small patches of 256 x 256 pixels and 512 x 512 pixels to train the system, and comparisons between them were carried out. To train the system using these datasets, two different artificial neural network architectures U-Net and Fully Convolutional Networks (FCN), which are used for object segmentation on high-resolution images, were selected. When the test data with the same size as the training data set were analyzed, approximately 97% extraction accuracy was obtained from high-resolution imageries trained by FCN in 512 x 512 dimensions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it