Detecting Malicious Ethereum Entities via Application of Machine Learning Classification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Malicious activities such as scams and frauds have imposed high costs for financial systems. The advent of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum provides unprecedented characteristics. On one hand, the pseudonymity of the blockchain allows criminals to hide their actual identities, which is an appealing feature for conducting malicious activities. On the other hand, the public data of blockchain sets forth the opportunity for comprehensive forensic analysis. In this paper, we present a novel framework to identify malicious entities in the Ethereum blockchain network. The proposed framework composes of an efficient method for extracting a set of features from the Ethereum blockchain data to represent transactional behavior of entities. Our proposed solutions for detecting malicious entities employ variations of Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and other ensemble methods such as Stacking and AdaBoost Classifier. The ensemble methods show high performance with F1score of 0.996 in average. The results also imply that the proposed method of feature extraction is fairly efficient in presenting the network characteristics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".