Le choix public du monopole : le privilège de la Manufacture royale des glaces et son contrôle par l’État sous l’Ancien Régime
Bibliographic record
Abstract
La théorie économique considère généralement que les monopoles sont préjudiciables au bien-être du consommateur et de la collectivité. Néanmoins, dans une situation de marché imparfait, des monopoles régulés par l’État peuvent être socialement bénéfiques et des entreprises subventionnées se comporter comme si elles étaient en situation de concurrence. Ces observations ont donné lieu à d’importants travaux en économie politique. L’étude du privilège dont bénéficie la Manufacture royale des glaces de miroirs à l’époque moderne confirme la pertinence de ce cadre d’analyse et montre que, sous certaines conditions, le consommateur bénéficie du contrôle exercé par l’État sur les monopoles concédés par ce dernier. Cette approche permet notamment d’expliquer pourquoi des privilèges temporaires ont été constamment renouvelés sous l’Ancien Régime.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".