Detection of Forearm Muscle Fatigue During Piano Playing Using Surface Electromyography (sEMG) Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Musculoskeletal injuries of the forearm, wrist, and hand are a significant problem for pianists. Approximately 60% of piano players experience playing-related injuries at some point in their careers; yet, the cause of injury is not well understood. Muscle fatigue may be a contributing factor. The focus of this work was to determine if muscle fatigue is detectable in the forearm muscles used for piano playing, if there is a difference in the development of muscle fatigue between pianists and non-pianists, and if there is an effect on how a pianist plays when their muscles are fatigued. A piano exercise and fatiguing exercise protocol were established and 11 pianists and 6 non-pianists were tested. It was hypothesized that pianists would show less incidence of fatigue than the non-pianists due to adaptations in muscle structure and task performance strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".