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Macroweather, the climate, and beyond

2019· book-chapter· en· W3101997247 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueOxford University Press eBooks · 2019
Typebook-chapter
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicScience and Climate Studies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsClimatologyEnvironmental scienceWarming upMeteorologyAtmospheric sciencesGeographyPhysicsGeology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

“Expect the cold weather to continue for the next ten days, followed by a warm spell.” This might have been the fourteen- day weather forecast for Montreal on December, 31, 2006 (Fig. 5.1, top). But imagine what it might have been if Earth rotated about its axis ten times more slowly, so that the length of the day coincided with the ten- day weather– macroweather transition scale— an alignment of scales almost achieved on Mars. In that case (Fig. 5.1, bottom) we would have heard, “Expect mild weather on Monday, followed by freezing temperatures, until a warm spell on Thursday, followed by a brisk Friday and Saturday, a warming on Sunday and Monday, followed by freezing on Tuesday, then a four- day warm period followed by freezing and then warming.” Although long- term trends in weather can persist for up to ten days or so, in macroweather, the upshifts tend to be followed immediately by downshifts (and vice versa) and, although longer term trends exist, they are much more subtle, resulting from imperfect cancelations of successive fluctuations. The tendency of macroweather fluctuations to cancel rather than to accu­mulate is its defining feature, and cancelation is synonymous with stability. Quantitatively, it implies that the temporal fluctuation exponent H is negative. In the weather regime with positive H, the temperature, wind, and other variables wander up and down with prolonged swings. The weather is a meta­phor for instability. If we average macroweather over longer and longer times, its variability is reduced systematically so that it appears to converge to a well-defined value. In that sense, macroweather is what you expect, the weather is what you get. But what about macroweather’s spatial properties? As usual, forecasts can be explained with recourse to maps. For example, Plate 5.1 (left) shows the day- to-day evolution of the daily temperatures corresponding to the forecast in Figure 5.1 (top).

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.979
Threshold uncertainty score0.643

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.001
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.014
GPT teacher head0.190
Teacher spread0.176 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it