A Review of Phosphate and Borate Sol–Gel Glasses for Biomedical Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The sol–gel processing method revolutionizes the biomedical materials field, allowing for the customized creation of nano‐ and porous materials to help treat the toughest challenges in human health. However, this process and the subsequently produced materials have mostly been based on silica, particularly in terms of biomedical glasses. Yet, within the last two decades, there has been increased interest in silica‐free glass chemistries, such as those based on borate or phosphate. Attributable to their distinct properties which allows for linear and complete degradation, these glass compositions have shown great promise for both hard and soft tissue engineering applications, albeit with only a limited number of studies on glasses created through the sol–gel process. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the advancement of nonsilica sol–gel glasses, by focusing on borate and phosphate chemistries, for biomedical applications. A comprehensive review of these materials, including the challenges in processing as well as the current uses and future potential, is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".