Control Over Ligand Exchange Reactivity in Hole Transport Layer Enables High-Efficiency Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells are solution-processed photovoltaic devices that exhibit promise in harvesting the infrared solar spectrum. Solid-state ligand exchange is the method employed to fabricate the CQD hole transport layer (HTL) in these cells: insulating oleic acid ligands are substituted with short thiol ligands (1,2-ethanedithiol) to create conductive p-type CQD solids. Thiols’ high reactivity with the CQD surface results in rapid exchange, giving rise to aggregates of dots and unpassivated sites on dots, each contributing to sub-bandgap trap states. Here we report a strategy to minimize trap states in the CQD HTL by controlling the solvent type in the exchange. By employing a less volatile solvent, we achieve a slower reaction, leading to increased order and a 2 times reduced trap density in CQD solids. These improvements enable a power conversion efficiency of 13.1 ± 0.1% in CQD solar cells compared to control devices showing 12.4 ± 0.1%.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it