Mushrooms and Yeast: The Implications of Technological Progress for Canada's Economic Growth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Whether Canadians talk about income inequality, regional growth or technological change, it is clear that economic growth is not uniformly spread across the country. Canada is not unique in this regard: modern economic growth theory shows that economies grow like mushrooms, not yeast. Instead of expanding uniformly like bread in the oven, economic growth pops up sporadically like mushrooms in the forest bed. Economic growth is a process of unpredictable “creative destruction” in which there will be winners and losers. The policy discussion around this kind of growth has often focused on the consequences for those left behind by change. It is often easier to identify those who lose from technological changes, while the winners are diffuse. Policymakers should also think more about harnessing uneven economic growth. From international trade to education policy, this Commentary shows how governments should think about the mix of targeted and economy-wide policies they should introduce to grow the Canadian economy. With increased international trade, Canadians as a whole will benefit not only from lower prices, but also from the more rapid productivity growth that will result from increased innovation by domestic firms as they seek to compete against foreign firms that can enter the Canadian market. Exchange-rate movements have many conflicting and uncertain effects on both the level and growth rate of domestic productivity. Since monetary policy cannot affect the real exchange rate in the long run, the Bank of Canada should continue to focus not on the exchange rate, but on its inflation target. Existing small business tax preferences are unlikely to promote productivity growth. Job creation is fostered not by small businesses per se, but by the young businesses that are the agents of creative destruction. The Canadian telecommunications industry is ideally suited to benefit from enhanced innovation and productivity growth in the event of a serious threat of entry by foreign firms large enough to enjoy significant scale economies. To take advantage of that possibility, the federal government should eliminate foreign ownership restrictions in the industry. Universities should also pursue independent research programs that foster basic science. Community colleges should focus on giving workers the skills they need to work with the most up-to-date technologies. With growth comes change, and it is time that Canadian policymakers think about how that change occurs and how best to use it for the benefit of Canadians.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.022 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".