Exploratory analysis of factors affecting levels of home deliveries before, during, and post- COVID-19
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected shopping behavior and has accelerated the adoption of online shopping and home deliveries. We administered an online survey among the population in the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro Metropolitan area on household and demographic characteristics, e-commerce preferences and factors, number of deliveries made before and during the COVID-19 lockdown, and number of deliveries expected to make post-pandemic. In this research, we conduct an exploratory analysis of the factors that affect home delivery levels before, during, and post-COVID-19. There was a significant increase in home deliveries during the COVID-19 lockdown relative to the before COVID-19 period. A high proportion of the households that made less than three deliveries per month before the pandemic stated they would order more online post-pandemic. A majority of the households that ordered more than three deliveries per month before COVID-19 are expected to revert to their original levels post-pandemic. The two variables most positively affecting the likelihood of online shopping were access to delivery subscriptions and income. Tech-savvy individuals are expected to make more home delivery orders post-pandemic compared to before and during COVID-19. Health concerns positively increase the likelihood of ordering online during the pandemic and post-pandemic. Older and retired individuals are less likely to use online deliveries. However, the likelihood of older and retired individuals ordering more home deliveries increased during the pandemic lockdown. Households with disabled members, single workers, and respondents concerned about online experience and health are more likely to be first-time online shoppers during the pandemic.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it