Scalable and Low Crosstalk Silicon Mode Exchanger for Mode Division Multiplexing System Enabled by Inverse Design
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we design and experimentally demonstrate a two-mode and three-mode mode exchanger (ME) using an inverse design method. The designed MEs provide more flexibility for mode division multiplexing (MDM) system links. The optimized designs are compact, 16 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 24 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for the two-mode and three-mode ME, respectively. During the optimization process, the fabrication imperfection tolerance, insertion loss (IL), and crosstalk performance are optimized. Considering the symmetry of these devices, some forward and adjoint simulations are reused. Thus, only N simulations per iteration are required for N mode ME even considering crosstalk in the figure of merit (FOM). The fabricated two-mode ME exhibits IL less than 0.52 dB within the wavelength range from 1.5 μm to 1.6 μm. The corresponding crosstalk is at most -18.5 dB within the same wavelength range. The 2 × 10 Gbps non-return to zero (NRZ) PRBS-31 payload transmission shows clear and open eye diagrams for all output modes. A three-mode ME is also experimentally demonstrated validating the scalability using inverse design for adaptable ME devices. The fabricated three-mode ME exhibits an IL less than 0.85 dB and 0.9 dB for the conversions from TE0 to TE1 and from TE1 to TE0, while the TE2 to TE2 transmission has an IL of 1.7 dB within the same wavelength range. The crosstalk is less than -16.5 for all three output modes with 3 × 10 Gbps NRZ open eye diagrams.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it