Travelling and rotating solutions to the generalized inviscid surface quasi-geostrophic equation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For the generalized surface quasi-geostrophic equation <disp-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartLayout Enlarged left-brace 1st Row 1st Column Blank 2nd Column a m p semicolon partial-differential Subscript t Baseline theta plus u dot nabla theta equals 0 comma in double-struck upper R squared times left-parenthesis 0 comma upper T right-parenthesis comma 2nd Row 1st Column Blank 2nd Column a m p semicolon u equals nabla Superscript up-tack Baseline psi comma psi equals left-parenthesis negative normal upper Delta right-parenthesis Superscript negative s Baseline theta in double-struck upper R squared times left-parenthesis 0 comma upper T right-parenthesis comma EndLayout"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" side="left" displaystyle="true"> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd/> <mml:mtd> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∂ </mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mi> θ </mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ⋅ </mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∇ </mml:mi> <mml:mi> θ </mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mspace width="1em"/> <mml:mtext>in </mml:mtext> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo> × </mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd/> <mml:mtd> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∇ </mml:mi> <mml:mo> ⊥ </mml:mo> </mml:msup> <mml:mi> ψ </mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mspace width="1em"/> <mml:mi> ψ </mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mi> θ </mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="1em"/> <mml:mtext>in </mml:mtext> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo> × </mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> <mml:mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"/> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{equation*} \left \{ \begin {aligned} & \partial _t \theta +u\cdot \nabla \theta =0, \quad \text {in } \mathbb {R}^2 \times (0,T), \\ & u=\nabla ^\perp \psi , \quad \psi = (-\Delta )^{-s}\theta \quad \text {in } \mathbb {R}^2 \times (0,T) , \end{aligned} \right . \end{equation*}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </disp-formula> <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="0 greater-than s greater-than 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">0>s>1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , we consider for <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="k greater-than-or-equal-to 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ≥ </mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">k\ge 1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> the problem of finding a family of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="k"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">k</mml:annotation> </
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".