Dynamic Quaternion Extreme Learning Machine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Quaternion random neural network trained by extreme learning machine (Q-ELM) becomes attractive for its good learning capability and generalization performance in 3 or 4-dimensional (3/4-D) hypercomplex data learning. But how to determine the optimal network architecture is always challenging in Q-ELM. To this end, a novel error-minimization-based Q-ELM (QEM-ELM) that only needs to optimize the output weights of the newly added neuron is developed in this brief. On this basis, a dynamic network construction scheme is further extended on Q-ELM, leading to a novel DQ-ELM, where the hidden nodes can be dynamically recruited or deleted according to the significance to network performance. The network parameters can be optimized and the architecture can be self-adapted simultaneously. Simulation results on many benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed QEM-ELM and DQ-ELM achieve good generalization performance by preserving a compact network size.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".