Retracted: The Effect of Bilingualism on Older Adults’ Inhibitory Control: A Meta-Analysis
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Post-publication record
- Nature
- Retraction
- Reason
- Error in Analyses;Error in Results and/or Conclusions;
- Date
- 1/31/2020 0:00
- Flagged by OpenAlex?
- Yes
Source: Retraction Watch, joined by DOI. OpenAlex records retraction as is_retracted, a boolean over a state space with at least four values, so it cannot express an expression of concern, a correction or a reinstatement — it reports them as false, which reads as “fine”.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The effect bilingualism has on older adults' inhibitory control has been extensively investigated, yet there is continued controversy regarding whether older adult bilinguals show superior inhibitory control compared with monolinguals. The objective of the current meta-analysis was to examine the reliability and magnitude of the bilingualism effect on older adults' inhibitory control as measured by the Simon and Stroop tasks. In addition, we examined whether individual characteristics moderate the bilingual advantage in inhibition, including age (young-old vs old-old), age of second language acquisition, immigrant status, language proficiency, and frequency of language use. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 22 samples for the Simon task and 14 samples for the Stroop task were derived from 28 published and unpublished articles (32 independent samples, with 4 of these samples using more than 1 task) and were analyzed in 2 separate meta-analyses. RESULTS: Analyses revealed a reliable effect of bilingualism on older adults' performance on the Simon (g = 0.60) and Stroop (g = 0.27) tasks. Interestingly, individual characteristics did not moderate the association between bilingualism and older adults' inhibitory control. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The results suggest there is a bilingual advantage in inhibitory control for older bilinguals compared with older monolinguals, regardless of the individual characteristics previously thought to moderate this effect. Based on these findings, bilingualism may protect inhibitory control from normal cognitive decline with age.
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The record
- Venue
- The Gerontologist
- Topic
- Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Field
- Neuroscience
- Canadian institutions
- Toronto Metropolitan University
- Funders
- —
- Keywords
- Stroop effectNeuroscience of multilingualismInhibitory controlPsychologyAge of AcquisitionCognitionMeta-analysisSimon effectResponse inhibitionTask (project management)Selective attentionDevelopmental psychologyAssociation (psychology)AudiologyMedicineNeuroscienceInternal medicine
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes