Psychotropic Polypharmacy Among Children and Youth with Autism: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: Majority of youth with autism are taking two or more medications (psychotropic or nonpsychotropic) simultaneously, also known as polypharmacy. Yet the efficacy and the potential outcomes of polypharmacy in this population are widely unknown. This systematic literature review described the trends of polypharmacy among autistic youth, and identified factors associated with polypharmacy. Methods: Sixteen studies were included, encompassing over 300,000 youth with autism. Results: Rates of polypharmacy varied quite substantially across studies, ranging from 6.8% to 87% of autistic youth. Having psychiatric comorbidities, self-injurious behaviors, and physical aggression, as well as being male and older, were associated with higher rates of polypharmacy. Conclusion: Findings emphasize the importance of further research to determine appropriate practices related to the monitoring of adverse side effects, and the long-term impact of polypharmacy among autistic youth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".