Blood in Biafra: Re‐evaluating politics and ethnocultural conflict in the Nigerian‐Biafran War
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In 1967, just seven years after declaring independence from British colonization, a civil war erupted in Nigeria that left millions of civilians dead and the country known as the “Giant of Africa” fractured and reeling. In the decades since the conflict, historians delineated the causes and consequences of what became known as the Nigerian‐Biafran War. The aim of this paper is to examine historical and academic sources about the years leading up to the war in 1967, towards a nuanced understanding of a watershed moment in Nigerian history. The article contends that for Nigeria to progress towards political stability and economic prosperity in the twenty‐first century, the Nigerian‐Biafran War must be re‐imagined as a predictable aftermath of hegemonic colonialism and ethnicism. As such, this paper contributes to the emerging literature on the impact of the civil war on collective grief, ethnocultural relations, economics, and post‐colonial history.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".