The High Complexity of Plastic Additives in Hand Wipes
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extensive and long-term applications have resulted in global distributions of plastic additives (PAs). To facilitate the understanding of human exposure to PAs, the present study investigated the abundances and profiles of a broad range of PAs on human hands via hand wipe sampling. Sixty out of 160 PAs were detected in >50% of hand wipes collected from 30 children and 45 adults, among which a number of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and synthetic antioxidants that have rarely or never been investigated in prior studies. The total masses of PAs ranged from 650 to 87 030 ng (median: 6110 ng) and 1230 to 19360 ng (median: 5600 ng) in adults’ and children’s hand wipes, respectively. By categories, phthalates (PAEs) represented the most abundant group of PAs, followed by non-PAE plasticizers, UV stabilizers, OPEs, antioxidants, and bisphenol analogues. Children exhibited greater PA levels per square centimeter of hand surface, indicating elevated exposure compared with adults. Strong correlations existed for many PAs between adults and children or within each subpopulation, indicating close connections between the two subpopulations in the exposure profiles. The great complexity of plastic additives on hands raises the need for future investigations on human exposure pathways and potential health risks from the “cocktail” effects.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it