Progress towards l<scp>ead‐free</scp>, efficient, and stable perovskite solar cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Solar energy production requires an environmentally friendly, efficient, and stable light absorber. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as excellent candidate materials for photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion because of their low cost, ease of fabrication, flexibility, and versatility. However, typical high‐efficiency PSCs, like methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3), rely on the use of the chemical lead (Pb), whose toxicity and detrimental impact on human health and the environment raise strong concerns. Therefore, less toxic substitutes that produce the same high performance as MAPbI3 are of interest to enable a wide deployment of PSCs. Hence, much effort has focused on replacing Pb with other elements, such as tin (Sn), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), and germanium (Ge) in perovskite materials, with the dual objectives of maintaining the superior optoelectronic properties of the perovskite and reducing its toxicity. In this review, the structure, optoelectronic properties, as well as recent advances in device performance of Pb‐free PSCs are highlighted. Moreover, the stability challenges of Pb‐free perovskite are detailed, and strategies to overcome them are discussed. Finally, a conclusion and outlook towards Pb‐free perovskite photovoltaics (PV) is provided. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".