Categorizing learning analytics models according to their goals and identifying their relevant components: A review of the learning analytics literature from 2011 to 2019
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to categorize learning analytics (LA) models and identify their relevant components by analyzing LA-related articles published between 2011 and 2019 in international journals. A total of 101 articles discussing various LA models were selected. These models were characterized according to their goals and components. A qualitative content analysis approach was used to develop a coding scheme for analyzing the aforementioned models. The results reveal that the studied LA models belong to five categories, namely performance, meta-cognitive, interactivity, communication, and data models. The majority of the selected LA-related articles were data models, followed by performance models. This review also identified 16 components that were commonly used in the studied models. The results indicate that analytics was the most common component in the studied models (used in 10 LA models). Furthermore, visualization was the most relevant component in the studied communication models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.031 | 0.022 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".