Bias-sensitive transparent single-element ultrasound transducers using hot-pressed PMN-PT
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Here we introduce electrostrictive hot-pressed lead magnesium niobate (PMN) with low lead titanate (PT) doping as a candidate transparent transducer material. We fabricate transparent high-frequency single-element transducers and characterize their optical, electrical, and acoustic properties. PMN-PT may offer sensitivity advantages over other transducer materials such as lithium niobate owing to its high electromechanical efficiency and bias-voltage sensitivity. The transparency of the fabricated transducer was measured ∼67% at 532 nm wavelength with a maximum electromechanical coefficient of ∼0.68 with a DC bias level of 100 V. The photoacoustic impulse response showed a center frequency of ∼27.6 MHz with a −6 dB bandwidth of ∼61% at a DC bias level of 40 V. Results demonstrate that the new transparent transducers hold promise for future optical-ultrasonic and photoacoustic imaging applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".