Brain Tumor Classification of MRI Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Manual tumor diagnosis from magnetic resonance images (MRIs) is a time-consuming procedure that may lead to human errors and may lead to false detection and classification of the tumor type. Therefore, to automatize the complex medical processes, a deep learning framework is proposed for brain tumor classification to ease the task of doctors for medical diagnosis. Publicly available datasets such as Kaggle and Brats are used for the analysis of brain images. The proposed model is implemented on three pre-trained Deep Convolution Neural Network architectures (DCNN) such as AlexNet, VGG16, and ResNet50. These architectures are the transfer learning methods used to extract the features from the pre-trained DCNN architecture, and the extracted features are classified by using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Data augmentation methods are applied on Magnetic Resonance images (MRI) to avoid the network from overfitting. The proposed methodology achieves an overall accuracy of 98.28% and 97.87% without data augmentation and 99.0% and 98.86% with data augmentation for Kaggle and Brat's datasets, respectively. The Area Under Curve (AUC) for Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) is 0.9978 and 0.9850 for the same datasets. The result shows that ResNet50 performs best in the classification of brain tumors when compared with the other two networks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".