WetNet: A Spatial–Temporal Ensemble Deep Learning Model for Wetland Classification Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While deep learning models have been extensively applied to land-use land-cover (LULC) problems, it is still a relatively new and emerging topic for separating and classifying wetland types. On the other hand, ensemble learning has demonstrated promising results in improving and boosting classification accuracy. Accordingly, this study aims to develop a classification system for mapping complex wetland areas by incorporating deep ensemble learning and satellite datasets. To this end, time series of Sentinel-1 dual-polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) dataset, alongside Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery (MSI), are used as input data to the model. In order to increase the diversity of the extracted features, the proposed model, herein called WetNet, consists of three different submodels, comprising several recurrent and convolutional layers. Furthermore, multiple ensembling sections are added to different stages of the model to increase the transferability of the model (to other areas) and the reliability of the final results. WetNet is evaluated in a complex wetland area located in Newfoundland, Canada. Experimental results indicate that WetNet outperforms the state-of-the-art deep models (e.g., InceptionResnetV2, InceptionV3, and DenseNet121) in terms of both the classification accuracy and processing time. This makes WetNet an efficient model for large-scale wetland mapping application. The python code of the proposed WetNet model is available at the following link for the sake of reproducibility:https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1pvMOd3_tFYaMYGyHNfxqDxOiwF78lKgN?usp=sharing
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".