Quantum Simulation of Molecules in Solution
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations on quantum computers have been focused mostly on simulating molecules in the gas phase. Molecules in liquid solution are, however, most relevant for chemistry. Continuum solvation models represent a good compromise between computational affordability and accuracy in describing solvation effects within a quantum chemical description of solute molecules. In this work, we extend the variational quantum eigensolver to simulate solvated systems using the polarizable continuum model. To account for the state dependent solute-solvent interaction we generalize the variational quantum eigensolver algorithm to treat non-linear molecular Hamiltonians. We show that including solvation effects does not impact the algorithmic efficiency. Numerical results of noiseless simulations for molecular systems with up to 12 spin-orbitals (qubits) are presented. Furthermore, calculations performed on a simulated noisy quantum hardware (IBM Q, Mumbai) yield computed solvation free energies in fair agreement with the classical calculations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it