“Carry On”: State Censorship and Denial of Spanish Influenza in Great Britain (1918-19)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the final year of the “war to end all wars”, the world would be plagued by a new universal enemy: Spanish Influenza. Considered the largest pandemic of all time, in terms of infection and death rates, the 1918-1920 virus is estimated to have affected half of the world’s population and killed 50-100 million. However, for as cataclysmic as this disease was, it has often been forgotten by both academia and society as a whole. Using Great Britain and Ireland as an example, it is argued that the Spanish Flu has largely been forgotten as a result of state official denial and press censorship in a time when the country could not afford to look weak in the final year of World War I and its immediate aftermath. Parallels are drawn to the current COVID-19 pandemic. Department: Interdisciplinary Dialogue Project Faculty Mentor: Dr. Aidan Forth
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".