Accurate Voltage Measurement by the Quadrature Method
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper introduces the quadrature method for measuring voltage using one or more electric field sensors. To date, all high-voltage sensors, from conventional inductive transformers to modern optical voltage transducers, have one or more of the following traits in common: large size and weight, high-voltage electrodes in close proximity, expensive and potentially hazardous insulation, and capacitive voltage division. Combined with the use of small electro-optic field sensors, the quadrature method enables voltage sensor designs that are free of these traits and that are, therefore, particularly ideal for high-voltage applications. It also allows for a trade-off between the accuracy of the voltage measurement and the number of required electric field sensors. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it