The Linguistic Taboo between Malays and Ibans of Sarawak, Malaysia/LE TABOU LINGUISTIQUE ENTRE MALAIS ET IBANS DU SARAWAK, EN MALAISIE
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: This study attempts to determine the Malays' and Ibans' perceptions on the use of linguistic taboo in their culture based on the specified domains and to investigate the occurrence of linguistic taboo in different domains. The outcome of this study would provide a useful understanding over the Malays' and Ibans' sensitivity over the usage of certain words which are considered taboo in their community. Hence, avoid occurrences of embarrassment or offensiveness by the speakers. Questionnaires were given to 40 Sarawak Malays and 40 Ibans of varying educational background and age in Kuching area. They were selected randomly based on convenience random sampling and the data were analyzed using SPSS 10.0. The findings show that many respondents believed that taboo words should not be spoken publicly or openly where certain topics should not be discussed in candid especially in relation to sex, body parts, bodily functions, death and dying. Nonetheless, the cultural norms, rules and the notion of politeness (and among the Malays the tenets of religion) play significant roles in restricting the open use of these taboo words either behaviourally or linguistically. Comparatively, the Iban respondents seemed to be more expressive and candid in using taboo words in expressing their emotions, as compared to the Malays. It is also apparent that the use of taboo words can be acceptable depending on the domains and contexts. Key words: Linguistic Taboo; Euphemisms; Domains Resume: Cette etude tente de determiner les perceptions des Malais et des Ibans sur l'utilisation de tabou linguistique dans leur culture basee sur les domaines specifies et d'enqueter sur l'occurrence de tabou linguistique dans des domaines differents. Le resultat de cette etude nous aiderait a comprendre la sensibilite des Malais et des Ibans sur l'utilisation de certains mots qui sont consideres comme tabous dans leur communaute. Par consequent, on peut eviter les cas d'embarras ou d'etre offense par les orateurs. Des questionnaires ont ete donnes a 40 Sarawak Malais et 40 Ibans de differents niveaux d'etudes et de differents âges dans la region de Kuching. Ils ont ete selectionnes de facon aleatoire dans un echantillonnage aleatoire, et les donnees ont ete analysees en utilisant la methode de SPSS 10.0. Les resultats montrent que de nombreuse personnes questionnees ont estime que les mots tabous ne devraient pas etre prononces publiquement ou ouvertement, ou certains sujets ne doivent pas etre discutes de facon franche, notamment en ce qui concerne le sexe, les parties du corps, les fonctions corporelles, la mort et les mourants. Neanmoins, les normes culturelles, des regles et la notion de politesse (et chez les Malais, les preceptes de la religion) jouent un role important dans la restriction de la libre utilisation de ces mots tabous. Comparativement, les Iban questionnes semblent etre plus expressifs et francs dans l'utilisation de mots tabous a exprimer leurs emotions, par rapport aux Malais. Il est egalement evident que l'utilisation de mots tabous peut etre acceptable en fonction de domaines et de contextes. Mots-Cles: Tabou linguistique; Euphemisme; Domaines 1. INTRODUCTION According to Fromkin and Rodman (1993), language, or words of a language, cannot be intrinsically good or bad but may reflect individual or societal values. The filth or beauty of language must then be in the ear of the listener, or in the collective ear of society. Two or more words or expressions can have the same linguistic meaning, with one acceptable and the others the cause of embarrassment or horror. Wardhaugh (1994) defines linguistic taboo as the language used to avoid saying certain things as well as to express them. Certain things are not said, not because they cannot be, but because 'people don't talk about these things; or if those things are talked about, they are talked about in a roundabout way'. Crystal (1995) defines taboo as the items people avoid using in polite society either because they believe them harmful or feel them embarrassing or offensive. …
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it