Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article aims to portray the sociological and urban conditions as well as the geographical features of the two Ottoman cities, Diyarbakır and Bitlis, through the eyes of American missionary physician David H. Nutting and his working conditions in the third quarter of the nineteenth century (1854-1860). This testimony, with its high level of education, watchful eyes and narratives is particularly noteworthy. Indeed, due to the missionary physician's medical knowledge and the needs of the society for this, he could meet people from quite different social classes and wrote down his observations in great detail. This study, first of all, endeavours to describe the process of Dr.Nutting and his family’s departure from America and their arrival in the Ottoman Empire briefly. Afterwards, the letters which he started to write in Diyarbakır are examined for certain themes aside from detailed transfers on medical science. These themes shaped by the relationships that he had with the Muslim and especially the Armenian community and its leaders, as a physician and protestant, the geographical and architectural features of the cities and their reflections on human health. Finally, it should be noted that his observations and thoughts about Bitlis are handled more limitedly, since he was in Bitlis for a much shorter time than in Diyarbakır.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".