Selection of Auxiliary Variables for Three-Fold Linking Models in Small Area Estimation: A Simple and Effective Method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Model-based estimation of small area means can lead to reliable estimates when the area sample sizes are small. This is accomplished by borrowing strength across related areas using models linking area means to related covariates and random area effects. The effective selection of variables to be included in the linking model is important in small area estimation. The main purpose of this paper is to extend the earlier work on variable selection for area level and two-fold subarea level models to three-fold sub-subarea models linking sub-subarea means to related covariates and random effects at the area, sub-area, and sub-subarea levels. The proposed variable selection method transforms the sub-subarea means to reduce the linking model to a standard regression model and applies commonly used criteria for variable selection, such as AIC and BIC, to the reduced model. The resulting criteria depend on the unknown sub-subarea means, which are then estimated using the sample sub-subarea means. Then, the estimated selection criteria are used for variable selection. Simulation results on the performance of the proposed variable selection method relative to methods based on area level and two-fold subarea level models are also presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.035 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".