Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Indian immigration to Canada is a twentieth century phenomenon, beginning about 1904–05 and reaching increased numbers by 1908 and then abruptly declining within the next year essentially because Canadian exclusionary policies barred immigration from India in 1908 through manipulative policies. The Indians were shovelled out of Canada as opposition to their entry acquired a virulent form. The Canadian labour, backed by the press, politicians, provincial and federal governments, and the citizenry in general, demanded exclusion of Indians from Canada. This happened because at the time racial homogeneity was a widely shared value among white Canadians and exclusion of people, belonging to non - white races, was accepted as something given. Before the arrival of Indians, Canadians had already identified Chinese and Japanese as the unwanted and it did not take them long to slot Indians in the same category. After 1908 Indian immigration to Canada remained closed for almost half a century till it resumed in 1960s. The paper concentrates on the early phase of Indian immigration to Canada and argues that despite virulent racism directed against them, the Indians managed to lay the foundations of their community at a time when Canada and India were British colonies.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".