An Online Entropy-Based DDoS Flooding Attack Detection System With Dynamic Threshold
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Distributed denial of service attacks are cyber-attacks that target the availability of servers. As a result, legitimate users no longer have access to the service. This can have a negative impact on an organization, such as lack of reputation and economic losses. Therefore, it is important to design defense mechanisms against these attacks. There are systems for detecting distributed denial of service attacks in the literature, which still have various shortcomings. Some of these systems detect the presence of attack traffic without identifying the attack packets or flows. Others use static thresholds and therefore cannot adapt to changes in legitimate traffic. In this paper, we propose an online system that aims to detect flooding attacks in a short timeframe and a client–server environment. The proposed detection system consists of five modules, namely features extraction and connections construction, suspicious activity detection, attack connections detection, alert generation and threshold update. The suspicious activity detection module calculates the normalized Shannon entropy by considering the source Internet Protocol address as a random variable. Suspicious activity is detected when the computed entropy is below a threshold. The threshold calculation is based on Chebyshev’s theorem. We propose a dynamic threshold algorithm to track changes in legitimate traffic. We evaluate the proposed system through simulations and using a publicly available dataset. Compared to other similar works, the proposed detection system has a better performance in terms of detection rate, false positive rate, precision and overall accuracy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".