Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers
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Abstract
Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the world. This makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem from a global perspective. Furthermore, comparison of the existing data, generated for different studies/regions/continents, is challenging due to the vast differences between the analytical methodologies employed. Here, we present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world's rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions. Samples were obtained from 1,052 locations in 104 countries (representing all continents and 36 countries not previously studied for API contamination) and analyzed for 61 APIs. Highest cumulative API concentrations were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and South America. The most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The most frequently detected APIs were carbamazepine, metformin, and caffeine (a compound also arising from lifestyle use), which were detected at over half of the sites monitored. Concentrations of at least one API at 25.7% of the sampling sites were greater than concentrations considered safe for aquatic organisms, or which are of concern in terms of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, pharmaceutical pollution poses a global threat to environmental and human health, as well as to delivery of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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The record
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Topic
- Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Field
- Environmental Science
- Canadian institutions
- University of GuelphUniversity of Ottawa
- Funders
- School of Public Health, Imperial College LondonInstitute of HydrobiologySmithsonian Tropical Research InstituteUniversidade de São PauloU.S. Geological SurveyNorthwestern UniversitySeoul National UniversityNazarbayev UniversityMbarara University of Science and TechnologyAgencia Nacional de Investigación y DesarrolloStockholms UniversitetInstitut chilien de l'AntarctiqueUniversiti Putra MalaysiaMedical Research CouncilUniversity of CyprusPatuakhali Science and Technology UniversityUniverza v LjubljaniIndian Institute of Technology DelhiAddis Ababa UniversityUniversidad del ValleKarolinska InstitutetČeská Zemědělská Univerzita v PrazeUniversity of GhanaNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensNational Technical University of AthensIranian Fisheries Science Research InstituteHebrew University of JerusalemKingston UniversityAkademie Věd České RepublikyUniversität WienUniversity of GujratMinistry of Education, IndiaChung Yuan Christian UniversityInternational Atomic Energy AgencyUniversité de GenèveSouth China Normal UniversityHáskóli ÍslandsDeakin UniversityUniversity of Dar es SalaamUniversity of OttawaImperial College LondonBritish CouncilUniversidad Nacional de La PlataUniversity College DublinUniversidad de Santiago de ChileUniversiteit van AmsterdamCity University of Hong KongSmithsonian Institution
- Keywords
- PollutionScale (ratio)Environmental scienceGeographyAquatic ecosystemDeveloping countryEnvironmental protectionEnvironmental healthEnvironmental resource managementEcologyBiologyCartographyMedicine
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes