Diurnal variations in the stratosphere of the ultrahot giant exoplanet WASP-121b
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The temperature profile of a planetary atmosphere is a key diagnostic of radiative and dynamical processes governing the absorption, redistribution and emission of energy. Observations have revealed dayside stratospheres that either cool 1,2 or warm 3,4 with altitude for a small number of gas giant exoplanets, whereas other dayside stratospheres are consistent with constant temperatures 5–7 . Here we report spectroscopic phase curve measurements for the gas giant WASP-121b (ref. 8 ) that constrain stratospheric temperatures throughout the diurnal cycle. Variations measured for a water vapour spectral feature reveal a temperature profile that transitions from warming with altitude on the dayside hemisphere to cooling with altitude on the nightside hemisphere. The data are well explained by models assuming chemical equilibrium, with water molecules thermally dissociating at low pressures on the dayside and recombining on the nightside 9,10 . Nightside temperatures are low enough for perovskite (CaTiO 3 ) to condense, which could deplete titanium from the gas phase 11,12 and explain recent non-detections at the day–night terminator 13–16 . Nightside temperatures are also consistent with the condensation of refractory species such as magnesium, iron and vanadium. Detections 15–18 of these metals at the day–night terminator suggest, however, that if they do form nightside clouds, cold trapping does not efficiently remove them from the upper atmosphere. Horizontal winds and vertical mixing could keep these refractory condensates aloft in the upper atmosphere of the nightside hemisphere until they are recirculated to the hotter dayside hemisphere and vaporized.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it