Contribution of Native and Exotic Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Improving the Physiological and Biochemical Response of Hulless Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. nudum L.) to Drought
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water scarcity is considered as one of the most limiting factors of cereal productivity in Mediterranean agricultural systems. This study aims at investigating the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation in improving the tolerance of hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. nudum L.) to water stress. The experiment was carried out under semi-controlled conditions. Two AMF inoculants: a mixture of five native AMF species Pacispora franciscana, Funneliformis mosseae, Funneliformis geosporum, Rhizophagus irregularis and Glomus tenebrosum (NI) and a commercial inoculant containing six species of Glomus sp. (CI) were tested under two water regimes: well-watered regime (WW) and drought regime (D). Growth parameters such as plant height (PH) and shoot biomass; mineral nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents; photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a (chl a), chlorophyll b (chl b) and carotenoid (Car); chlorophyll fluorescence parameter (Fv/Fm); leaf relative water (RWC); and antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activities were evaluated to investigate the effect of both factors. Water stress affected plant growth of hulless barley. However, application of AMF biofertilizers attenuated this negative effect. Both AMF inoculants NI and CI improved hulless barley growth (the PH by 11.3% and 19.8% and the shoot biomass by 26.1% and 41.3%, respectively) in comparison with their controls under a drought regime. Mineral nutrient N, P, K, Cu and Fe uptakes were significantly higher in AMF-inoculated plants compared with non-inoculated ones. Concerning the photosynthetic activity, a positive effect of AMF was observed as well under well-watered and drought conditions. Under drought regime, the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased in plants inoculated with AMF. These results were positively correlated with mycorrhizal root colonization, which was improved by AMF inoculation. In plants inoculated with NI, mycorrhizal root colonization was 2.3 times higher than in plants inoculated with CI under drought conditions. This finding was confirmed by the increase in AMF biomass assessed using specific phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and neutral fatty acid (NLFA) C16:1ω5 biomarkers in the rhizospheric soil of NI-treated plants in comparison with those treated with CI. In summary, the use of AMF could reduce drought damages by improving the physiological and biochemical responses of hulless barley. This study highlighted the potential role of AMF inoculation, in particular with native strains, as an innovative and eco-friendly technology for a sustainable crop growing system in arid and semi-arid areas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".