Role of Electrical Stimulation in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: A Systematic Review
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury is often suboptimal despite the intrinsic permissive growth environment of the peripheral nervous system. The objective of this systematic review is to explore the use of electrical stimulation (ES) for peripheral nerve regeneration. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted from inception to March 2, 2021 to retrieve articles on ES for peripheral nerve regeneration using the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Embase databases. Primary outcome measures included objective measures of motor and sensory nerve function. Results: Four randomized control trials, two case reports, and three case series that addressed the aims were identified. The stimulation parameters varied greatly between studies, without an apparent commonality for a given electrical conduit. Outcomes measured included motor (n = 8) and sensory (n = 7) modalities (cold detection, static two-point discrimination, tactile discrimination, and pressure detection), nerve-specific muscle function and bulk, and electromyography (EMG) motor and sensory terminal latency. Different parameters for measurement were utilized and improvement was observed across the studies compared with controls (n = 4) or pre-intervention measurements (n = 5). One randomized control trial reported no benefit of ES and attributed their findings to their stimulation protocol. Complications were documented in three patients only and included wire remnant removal, skin pigmentation, and bone formation. Conclusions: ES in peripheral nerve regeneration is beneficial in improving and accelerating recovery. A meta-analysis was not performed due to the heterogeneity, but all studies showed positive findings and minor to no complications. These results provide a primer for further development of delivery methods.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it