Acute exposure to environmentally relevant levels of DDT alters muscle mitochondrial function in vivo in rats but not in vitro in L6 myotubes: A pilot study
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Under insulin-stimulated conditions, skeletal muscle is the largest glucose consumer in the body. Mitochondrial dysfunction and damage to this tissue from oxidative stress are linked to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Environmental exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), has been associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes as well as altered oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in non-muscle tissues. We hypothesized that energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle will be altered with exposure to DDT and DDE. In this pilot study, mitochondrial function was measured in permeabilized muscle fibers from Sprague-Dawley rats after one week of exposure to a single injection of DDT (40 μg/kg), a dose comparable to DDT levels in the diets of the Inuit of Northern Canada. The levels of oxidative phosphorylation chain complexes and ROS detoxification enzymes were measured in muscle tissue from these specimens. This acute in vivo exposure to DDT decreased muscle mitochondrial function by 45% without affecting the levels of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation chain complexes nor levels of ROS detoxification enzymes. To isolate the effects of DDT and DDE exposure on muscle, L6 myotubes were exposed to DDT or DDE (0, 10, 100, 1000, 10 000 nM) for 24 h. Only very high concentrations of DDT and DDE (1 000 - 10 000 nM) altered maximal respiration with only DDT altering basal glucose uptake in L6 myotubes. This did not alter levels of ROS detoxification enzymes or malondialdehyde (MDA) in L6 myotubes. Altogether, acute exposure to environmentally relevant doses of DDT resulted in muscle mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo in rats, but not when muscle cells were directly exposed to the pollutant or its metabolite.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it