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Record W4220966435 · doi:10.5430/wjel.v12n2p159

A Corpus-Based Analysis of the Adjectives and Synonyms -Beautiful, Handsome, and Pretty

2022· article· en· W4220966435 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueWorld Journal of English Language · 2022
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldArts and Humanities
TopicLexicography and Language Studies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCollocation (remote sensing)British National CorpusComputer scienceVocabularyNatural language processingLinguisticsSet (abstract data type)Meaning (existential)Artificial intelligenceConcordanceSynonym (taxonomy)Corpus linguisticsInformation retrievalPsychologyPhilosophy

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The aim of this study was to investigate the three synonyms beautiful, handsome and pretty in terms of their meanings and collocation with the help of the Longman Dictionary of contemporary English 6th edition (2014) and the British National Corpus (BNC). Only 100 concordance lines of each synonyms were selected from the corpora. This study was also aimed at investigating the similarities and differences between the three synonyms. The findings of this research declare that these synonyms are similar in their core meaning but are different in their detailed meanings and collocation. The results also clarifies that corpus provide more additional information that is not the part of dictionaries. It is also clear from the study that synonyms cannot be used in all the contexts alternately. Moreover, this study states that corpus is more helpful for the teachers of English as well as for second language learners (L2) because it gives additional information regarding any set of synonyms than dictionaries give. The teachers as well as students should be guided that they may get additional information about data from corpus than the dictionaries. As a result the students will be able in differentiating synonyms in a set by using both the resources, Learners Dictionaries and corpora, and in this way they will be able to increase their vocabulary.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Qualitative · Consensus signal: Qualitative
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.363
Threshold uncertainty score0.897

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.008
GPT teacher head0.210
Teacher spread0.202 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it