Millimeter-Wave Phased Arrays and Over-the-Air Characterization for 5G and Beyond: Overview on 5G mm-Wave Phased Arrays and OTA Characterization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technology is a viable candidate to address the growing data traffic in 5G wireless communication and beyond. However, challenges related to free-space propagation loss, atmospheric absorption, scattering, and nonline-of-sight propagation must be addressed to benefit from the promised bandwidth available in the mm-wave regime. In this context, phased-array technology is considered vital to provide high-speed and seamless wireless solutions to the industry. A phased array can be defined as a multiple-antenna system that electronically controls the radiated electromagnetic (EM) beam. The official origin of the antenna array concept is attributed to Guglielmo Marconi. A repeated Morse code signal letter “S” from Poldhu, United Kingdom to St. John’s in Canada was successfully demonstrated in December 1901, using a two-element antenna array. In the early 1940s, Luis Walter Alvarez designed the first electronically scanning phased-array radar. Both scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize for their discovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".