Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
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Abstract
The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a significant breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized monoclonal antibodies, targeting these immune checkpoint proteins have been utilized successfully in patients with metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck cancers and non-small lung cancer. The US FDA has successfully approved three different categories of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as PD-1 inhibitors (Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, and Cemiplimab), PDL-1 inhibitors (Atezolimumab, Durvalumab and Avelumab), and CTLA-4 inhibitor (Ipilimumab). Unfortunately, not all patients respond favourably to these drugs, highlighting the role of biomarkers such as Tumour mutation burden (TMB), PDL-1 expression, microbiome, hypoxia, interferon-γ, and ECM in predicting responses to ICIs-based immunotherapy. The current study aims to review the literature and updates on ICIs in cancer therapy.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
The record
- Venue
- Current Oncology
- Topic
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Field
- Medicine
- Canadian institutions
- —
- Funders
- —
- Keywords
- NivolumabDurvalumabMedicineIpilimumabAvelumabPembrolizumabAtezolizumabImmunotherapyCTLA-4Immune checkpointCancerCancer immunotherapyLung cancerOncologyImmunologyImmune systemCancer researchInternal medicineT cell
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes