Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An account is given of the military, government, and academic antecedents that preceded the formal development of GIS in terms of software, hardware, and conceptual developments. The widely recognized origin of the first GIS, the Canada Geographic Information System, during the 1960s is described. Accomplishments of the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis are reviewed, along with the formation of Esri and other leading software companies. Developments in academia, including the establishment of the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis in 1988 and the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science in 1995, are discussed. The origins of geographic information science in the early 1990s and its importance in redefining the field of GIS and the reactions to this new orientation are explained. New trends in GIS, including public participation GIS, volunteered geographic information, cloud computing, big data, geodesign, and a people‐based geographic information science, are reviewed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it