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Record W4234988755 · doi:10.1109/iri.2016.25

A Formal Language for Writing Contracts

2016· article· en· W4234988755 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.

Bibliographic record

Venuenot available
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicArtificial Intelligence in Law
Canadian institutionsMcMaster University
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
KeywordsComputer scienceFormal semantics (linguistics)Programming languageNatural languageFormal languageSemantics (computer science)Design by contractArtifact (error)Object languageFormal methodsFormal specificationLinguisticsNatural language processingArtificial intelligenceSoftwareSoftware development

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

A contract is an artifact that records an agreement made by the parties of the contract. Although contracts are considered to be legally binding and can be very complex, they are usually expressed in an informal language that does not have a precise semantics. As a result, it is often not clear what a contract is intended to say. This is particularly true for contracts, like financial derivatives, that express agreements that depend on certain things that can be observed over time such as actions taken of the parties, events that happen, and values (like a stock price) that fluctuate with respect to time. As the complexity of the world and human interaction grows, contracts are naturally becoming more complex. Continuing to write complex contracts in natural language is not sustainable if we want the contracts to be understandable and analyzable. A better approach is to write contracts in a formal language with a precise semantics. Contracts expressed in such a language have a mathematically precise meaning and can be manipulated by software. The formal language thus provides a basis for integrating formal methods into contracts. This paper outlines a formal language with a precise semantics for expressing general contracts that may depend on temporally based conditions. We argue that the language is more effective for writing and analyzing contracts than previously proposed formal contract languages.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.729
Threshold uncertainty score0.947

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.055
GPT teacher head0.404
Teacher spread0.349 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Quick stats

Citations11
Published2016
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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