Zuckerman's Revised Alternative Five-Factor Model: Validation of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire in four French speaking countries

The aim of this study was to analyze the replicability of Zuckerman's revised Alternative Five-factor model in a French-speaking context by validating the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA-PQ) simultaneously in 4 French-speaking countries.The total sample was made up of 1,497 subjects from Belgium, Canada, France, and Switzerland.The internal consistencies for all countries were generally similar to those found for the normative U.S. and Spanish samples.A factor analysis confirmed that the normative structure replicated well and was stable within this French-speaking context.Moreover, multigroup confirmatory factor analyses have shown that the ZKA-PQ reaches scalar invariance across these 4 countries.Mean scores were slightly different for women and men, with women scoring higher on Neuroticism but lower on Sensation Seeking.Globally, mean score differences across countries were small.Overall, the ZKA-PQ seems an interesting alternative to assess both lower and higher order personality traits for applied or research purposes.Most models of personality traits are hierarchical and consider that five independent dimensions allow for an economic and adequate description of these traits, the number of which depends on the model (Rossier, Meyer de Stadelhofen, & Berthoud, 2004).The best known and most commonly accepted model is certainly the Fivefactor model (FFM), which considers five dimensions or higher order traits named Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, each dimension including six facets or lower order traits (Digman, 1990;McCrae & Costa, 1999).Zuckerman, Kuhlman, and Camac (1988) developed an Alternative Five-factor model (AFFM) considering five main dimensions named Impulsive Sensation Seeking, Neuroticism-Anxiety, Aggression-Hostility, Activity, and Sociability.Only a few studies investigated the traits of these dimensions (Zuckerman, 2002).Recently a revised version of the AFFM was proposed considering five slightly different main dimensions, each including four facets.The aim of this research was to evaluate the adequacy of this revised AFFM and the associated personality inventory in a French-speaking context and to assess the level of measurement invariance of this inventory across four French-speaking countries.To develop the AFFM, Zuckerman and colleagues (1988) studied the structure underlying 46 scales selected from eight inventories used as measures of temperament or involved in psychobiological studies of personality, and identified five replicable dimensions (Zuckerman, Kuhlman, Thornquist, & Kiers, 1991).As expected, these five dimensions appeared to be partially heritable (Angleitner, Riemann, & Spinath, 2004).Subsequently, Zuckerman, Kuhlman, Joireman, Teta, and Kraft (1993) developed the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ) to measure these five independent dimensions.Zuckerman (2002) also suggested that three dimensions might include two facet scales.Thus the Impulsive Sensation Seeking dimension included a sensation seeking and an impulsivity facet, the activity dimension contained a need for general activity and a need for work activity facet, and the Sociability dimension included a liking lively parties and friends and an intolerance of social isolation facet.Nevertheless, the small number of facet scales considered by the AFFM implies that the ZKPQ does not allow for obtaining a detailed personality profile.This lack of information at the facet level might be considered a weakness, especially for psychological assessment in a clinical or organizational setting, where facet-level assessment is appreciated (Aluja, Kuhlman, & Zuckerman, 2010).Several researchers have compared the AFFM with other personality models and found good construct validity or convergence for four out of the five dimensions of this model (Aluja, Garcia, Cuevas, & Garcia, 2007;Aluja, Garcia, & Garcia, 2002).

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