Effect of taxes on petroleum prices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Effect of taxes on petroleum product prices in selected countriesThe following tables show comparisons of taxation on the price of selected petroleum products to end users in four European countries (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain), the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Japan, & Canada.Throughout the figures for the four European countries (Euro-4) are averages weighted by demand for each product in 2005.The tables on this page show the cost of gasoline (left-hand column) and automotive diesel (right-hand column) in the national currencies per litre, except for the USA, were the price per US gallon is given.The upper line indicates the end-user or pump price; the lower line gives the amount of total taxation levied per unit of product.Taxation includes duty and value-added tax (VAT), or their equivalents, where applicable.In Europe gasoline refers to unleaded premium (95 RON) gasoline; in the USA and Japan it refers to regular unleaded gasoline.Automotive diesel refers to diesel or gasoil for road use (DERV in UK). See Canada on page 12Gasoline Europe
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".