AIMERG: a new Asian precipitation dataset (0.1°/half-hourly, 2000–2015) by calibrating the GPM-era IMERG at a daily scale using APHRODITE
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Precipitation estimates with fine quality and spatio-temporal resolutions play significant roles in understanding the global and regional cycles of water, carbon, and energy. Satellite-based precipitation products are capable of detecting spatial patterns and temporal variations of precipitation at fine resolutions, which is particularly useful over poorly gauged regions. However, satellite-based precipitation products are the indirect estimates of precipitation, inherently containing regional and seasonal systematic biases and random errors. In this study, focusing on the potential drawbacks in generating Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) and its recently updated retrospective IMERG in the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) era (finished in July 2019), which were only calibrated at a monthly scale using ground observations, Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC, 1.0∘/monthly), we aim to propose a new calibration algorithm for IMERG at a daily scale and to provide a new AIMERG precipitation dataset (0.1∘/half-hourly, 2000–2015, Asia) with better quality, calibrated by Asian Precipitation – Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources (APHRODITE, 0.25∘/daily) at the daily scale for the Asian applications. The main conclusions include but are not limited to the following: (1) the proposed daily calibration algorithm (Daily Spatio-Temporal Disaggregation Calibration Algorithm, DSTDCA) is effective in considering the advantages from both satellite-based precipitation estimates and the ground observations; (2) AIMERG performs better than IMERG at different spatio-temporal scales, in terms of both systematic biases and random errors, over mainland China; and (3) APHRODITE demonstrates significant advantages compared to GPCC in calibrating IMERG, especially over mountainous regions with complex terrain, e.g. the Tibetan Plateau. Additionally, results of this study suggest that it is a promising and applicable daily calibration algorithm for GPM in generating the future IMERG in either an operational scheme or a retrospective manner. The AIMERG data are freely accessible at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3609352 (for the period from 2000 to 2008) (Ma et al., 2020a) and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3609507 (for the period from 2009 to 2015) (Ma et al., 2020b). Highlights. A new effective daily calibration approach, DSTDCA, for improving the GPM-era IMERG is provided. New AIMERG precipitation data (0.1∘/half-hourly, 2000–2015, Asia) are provided. Bias of AIMERG is significantly improved compared with that of IMERG. APHRODITE is more suitable than GPCC in anchoring IMERG over Asia.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it