Excursus on the Country of Origin: Poland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Excursus on the Country of Origin: PolandPoland-when appearing on European maps as a sovereign state-has long been and continues to be a country of emigration.Despite a recent influx of immigrants from East European and Asian countries, most significantly Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Vietnam (Iglicka 2001: 21, Kaluza/Mack 2010: 72), it is widely seen as an ethnically homogeneous country and society (Alscher 2008: 5).Because of its geographical location between Eastern and Western Europe, it increasingly serves as a transit country for migrants.Contrary to the assumption that Poland would become a "country of immigration" as a result of its EU membership (Iglicka 2001, Alscher 2008), it remains-in light of its current political atmosphere-a net emigration country, with an excess of people leaving the country as opposed to entering it.In the long history of Poland's emigration, the most important countries for settlement were Germany, the United States, and Canada (Iglicka 2001: 12, Więckowski 2008: 266, Alscher 2008: 1f) and I gathered the empirical data for this study in two of them: Germany and Canada.Generally, the Polish diaspora (the so-called Polonia) is estimated between 15 and 18 million people worldwide (Meister 1992, Alscher 2008).There was a time in history when Poland disappeared from the European map.After the neighbouring powers of the Russian Kingdom, the Kingdom of Prussia, and Habsburg Austria partitioned the country (the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) three times in the eighteenth century, they ended the existence of the state, eliminating the sovereign crown of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania for the next 123 years.Uprisings during the nineteenth century failed and thus Poland as a state was not "reborn" until the end of World War I. 1 Until the late twentieth century, emigration took place in waves, but also in continual yearly movements, and was most often politically motivated.The end of World 1 For a historical account of Polish national movements in Prussia as a response to the policy of Germanisation, see Loew 2014: ch.2: 31-119.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".