Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Pipelines are continuous large‐diameter piping systems. Usually buried underground where feasible, through which gases, liquids, or solids suspended in fluids are transported over considerable distances. They are used to move water, wastes, minerals, chemicals, and industrial gases, but primarily crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas. In the oil and gas business, a pipeline consists of a trunkline, ie, the large diameter, high pressure, long distance portion of the piping system through which the crude oil is shipped to refineries, or natural gas and oil products, respectively, are transported to distribution points, and smaller low pressure gathering lines that transport oil or gas from wells to the trunkline. Smaller lines used by natural gas distributors are not considered part of a gas pipeline system. This article gives information on the historical perspective of pipeline development and includes natural gas and liquid pipelines. Pipelines are a more economical form of transportation than rail or tuck, and are usually secure within a nation or between friendly neighbors. Physical pipeline development consists of several logical steps such as route selection, regulatory application, design, maintenance, construction, and commissioning. A complete checklist is provided. The Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 began the regulation of natural pipeline transmission.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.364 | 0.168 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".