Enhancement of Cd2+ Ionsremoval Bymelamine-Modified Activated Carbon Made From Coconut Shells
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Current industrial development has led to an increase in dangerous substances particularly heavy metals in the environment. Especially cadmium comes mainly from anthropogenic sources, namely metal plating, manufacture and use of nickel-cadmium batteries, phosphate fertilizers, pigments, mining etc. Several studies have shown the toxicity of heavy metals to humans even at low concentrations For example, diseases such as itai-itai, kidney damage, emphysema, hypertension and testicular atrophy have been reported to the consumption of water containing an excess of cadmium However, eliminating toxic heavy metals from the environment remains a challenge. Importantly, a heavy metal removal process must be simple, efficient and inexpensive. So far, several processes have been proposed to remove heavy metals from wastewater, including chemical processes Activated carbons have been widely used as adsorbents, because of their developed porous structures, large internal surface area and their ability to be used for the adsorption of a wide range of species from gas or of liquid phases (Jiaet al., 2002). Importantly, it can be produced from cheaper and readily available resources like coke, peat, wood, sawdust, coconut shell (Nadeemet al., 2009). The different mechanisms for the removal of heavy metals by activated carbon are electrostatic attraction between metallic species and activated carbon surface or chemical interaction between metal ions and various surface functional groups (Ahnet al., 2009). Currently various modification methods have been introduced to improve the adsorption capacity of activated carbon. Recent studies have shown that the introduction of nitrogen into a carbon structure while increasing the basicity of carbonaceous materials improves the ability of heavy metals to attach to the activated carbon surface (Mahaniniaet al., 2015). This can be explained by the fact that nitrogen can easily share the pair of electrons to bind metal ions based on Lewis acid-base theory (Daset al., 2007). Thus, the surface modification of AC by nitrogen introduction was studied (Tanadaet al., 1999). Melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) is often used as a modification agent for nitrogen enrichment due to its high nitrogen content
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it