Prospective and Retrospective Time Estimation: Investigating the Effects of Task Duration and Cognitive Load
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This experiment investigated participants' ability to keep track of time during a visual and memory search task where task difficulty and duration were manipulated. Two hundred and ninety-two participants performed the task for eight or 58 minutes. Participants in the prospective time judgment condition were forewarned of an impending time estimate whereas those in the retrospective condition were not. Cognitive load was manipulated and assessed by assigning participants to either a consistent or a varied mapping condition. The results revealed overestimation and higher variability of estimates in the prospective condition compared to the retrospective one in the eight-minute task only. Moreover, participants significantly overestimated the duration of the eight-minute task and underestimated the 58-minute task.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it